Effect of Mexican Propolis on Wound Healing in a Murine Model of Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the wound healing process, resulting in impaired healing or aberrant scarring. DM increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, fibroblast senescence and angiogenesis abnormalities, causing exacerbated inflammation accompanied by low levels of TGF-ß and an increase in Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Propolis has been proposed as a healing alternative for diabetic patients because it has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and proliferative effects and important properties in the healing process. An ethanolic extract of Chihuahua propolis (ChEEP) was obtained and fractionated, and the fractions were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode-array (HPLC-DAD), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and 46 compounds were detected. Deep wounds were made in a murine DM model induced by streptozotocin, and the speed of closure and the wound tensile strength were evaluated by the tensiometric method, which showed that ChEEP had similar activity to Recoveron, improving the speed of healing and increasing the wound tensile strength needed to open the wound again. A histological analysis of the wounds was performed using H&E staining, and when Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and α-actin were quantified by immunohistochemistry, ChEEP was shown to be associated with improved histological healing, as indicated by the reduced MMP9 and α-actin expression. In conclusion, topical ChEEP application enhances wound healing in diabetic mice.

Interest and Perseverance Are Not Enough to Be Physically Active: The Importance of Self-Efficacy toward Healthy Eating and Healthy Weight to Move More in Adolescents.

(1) Background: Insufficient physical activity in adolescents remains an important issue for health promotion. Given the current relevance of understanding the adoption and maintenance of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), the aim of this study was to analyze, in a sample of adolescents, the role of grit personality as an antecedent of healthy eating and healthy weight (HEW) self-efficacy and its implications for the practice of MVPA. (2) Methods: Participants were 987 adolescents (597 girls, 390 boys) aged between 15 and 19 years from Mexico and Spain. The Spanish versions of the grit personality scale, the healthy eating and weight self-efficacy scale and the global physical activity questionnaire were used to measure the variables of interest. (3) Results: Mediated regression analysis showed that grit personality was not directly related to MVPA practice. However, the results indicate the significant relationship between grit personality and HEW self-efficacy, as well as the positive and significant relationship of this self-efficacy on MVPA practice. HEW self-efficacy totally mediated the relationship between grit personality and MVPA in both boys and girls. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that having a grit personality (i.e., having interest and perseverance) is not enough for adolescents to be physically active, but that perceiving oneself as effective in having a healthy diet and healthy weight may be the key for adolescents to move more. At the intervention level, we suggest targeting an enhancement of young people's competence to eat healthily and regulate their weight as a strategy to enhance the performance of more MVPA, with a possible transfer between healthy behaviors (spill over).

The mediational role of motivation in the model of motor development in childhood: A longitudinal study.

The aim of this study was twofold: first, to examine the stability of the hypothesized conceptual model of motor development (without and with including various types of motivation) when children are followed up one-year later, and second to examine longitudinally whether changes in one model variable predict changes in other variables, according to the hypothesized pathways in the model. A sample of 361 Spanish students (50.7% girls, 8-11 years old) voluntarily participated in this study. In relation to the first aim, structural equation modeling revealed the expected positive relationship between the model variables in both measurement times. That is: actual motor competence (MC) predicted physical activity (PA) (p < .001), perceived MC mediated the relationship between actual MC and PA (p < .001), and autonomous motivation mediated the relationship between perceived MC and PA (p < .05). Moreover, the comparison of the invariance analysis showed non-practical differences between the unconstrained model and the constrained model, supporting the stability of the model over time. In relation to the second aim, the hypothesized model in Time 2 controlling for Time 1 values showed that changes in children's actual MC positively predicted changes in their perceived MC (p < .001), which in turn, predicted changes in their autonomous motivation (p < .001), and PA (p < .001) at Time 2. Based on these findings Physical Education teachers are recommended to foster children's actual and perceived MC as well as their autonomous motivation over time in order to promote PA strategies for lifelong health.

Biological Activity of Bursera schlechtendalii Essential oil and the Roles of Its Chemical Components in the Wound Healing Process.

Essential oils are composed of terpenes, some of which have properties related to healing. Bursera schlechtendalii essential oil (BSEO) is used to heal superficial wounds. However, there have been no studies verifying this property. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the healing activity of BSEO in a murine model and to propose the roles of its chemical components in this process. Healing activity was evaluated by an incision model, histological analysis was performed, and tensile strength and antibacterial activity were measured. The chemical composition of BSEO was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the mechanisms of action of each chemical component during the phases of the healing process were proposed. In addition, acute dermal toxicity was evaluated. BSEO showed better wound closure at the macroscopic, histological, and tensile strength levels compared to controls and had an antibacterial effect. The major compound in BSEO was α-phellandrene. However, most of the monoterpenes identified in BSEO were in agreement with information found in the literature, so the possibility of synergy between the chemical components and their different targets in the healing process was schematically proposed. BSEO was shown to be safe in the dermal toxicity evaluation.

A Classroom-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Literacy in Children: ALPHYL Study Protocol.

Physical literacy is crucial for children's appropriate development and physical, social and mental health. In a school setting, class-based physical activity (PA) interventions are considered to be appropriate programs to foster PA participation and cognitive development. The purpose of this project, named the Active Learning in PHYsical Literacy (ALPHYL) study, was to describe a multicomponent classroom-based physically-active learning randomised control trial (RCT) in primary school children. The main purpose was to promote children's physical literacy, academic achievement and cognitive function. The ALPHYL study is mainly based on physical literacy, active school models and the Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair and Enjoyable principles. The ALPHYL is an 8-10-week RCT to be conducted in six primary schools (12 classes) in Valencia (Spain) and its metropolitan area. Schools will be randomly assigned to the intervention or waiting-list control group. After a 30 h in-person training course for teachers and weekly meetings in the three months of resource preparation, the ALPHYL intervention will be conducted in physical education (PE) and non-PE lessons by teachers. The intervention consists of at least three daily sessions of physically active learning in addition to model-based PE teaching. Its feasibility will be evaluated weekly according to the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework. To assess its effectiveness, a pre-test, post-test and retention (8-10 weeks post-intervention) with primary outcomes (i.e., PA level, motor competence, perceived motor competence and PL, motivation, perceived social support, academic achievement and cognitive function), secondary outcomes and covariates will be collected.

Anti-Inflammatory and Histological Analysis of Skin Wound Healing through Topical Application of Mexican Propolis.

Skin wound healing is a complex biochemical process of tissue repair and remodeling in response to injury. Currently, the drugs used to improve the healing process are inaccessible to the population, are costly, and have side effects, making the search for new treatment alternatives necessary. Propolis is a natural product produced by bees that is widely recognized and used in folk medicine for its multiple biomedical activities. However, therapeutic information regarding Mexican propolis is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the wound-healing effect of the Chihuahua ethanolic extract of propolis (ChEEP). Macroscopic and histological analyses were performed using a mouse wound-healing model. The topic acute toxicity assay showed that propolis at 10% w/v had no toxic effects. ChEEP has antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Moreover, it exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity evaluated through mouse ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradeca-noylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). A full-thickness incision lesion was created in mice and treated topically with 10% ChEEP. At Day 14 post-treatment, it was observed that propolis increased wound contraction and reduced healing time and wound length; furthermore, propolis increased the tensile strength of the wound, as determined with the tensiometric method, and promoted the formation of type I collagen at the site of injury, as evaluated with Herovici stain. These findings suggest that the topical administration of ChEEP can improve skin wound healing, probably due to the synergistic effect of its components, mainly polyphenols, in different steps of the wound-healing process. It should be noted this is the first time that the wound-healing activity of a Mexican propolis has been evaluated.

El estilo transformacional del entrenador/a como facilitador de la identidad social de jóvenes jugadores/as de baloncesto: el papel mediador de las necesidades psicológicas básicas / O estilo transformador do treinador como facilitador da identidade social dos jovens jogadores de basquetebol: o papel mediador das necessidades psicológicas básicas / Coach’s transformational leadership style as a facilitator of the social identity of young basketball players: the mediating role of the basic psychological needs

El objetivo del estudio fue explorar la asociación entre el estilo de liderazgo transformacional de entrenadores/as y la identidad social de los/as deportistas, explorando el papel mediador de la satisfacción/frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los/as deportistas. Participaron 524 jugadores de baloncesto (325 chicos, 180 chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 17 años (M = 13.85; DT = 1.56) pertenecientes a diferentes clubes de la provincia de Valencia (España). Los resultados mostraron asociaciones significativas entre todas las variables del estudio. Asimismo, se confirmó el papel mediador de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas entre el liderazgo transformacional del entrenador/a y la identidad social de los/as deportistas. La mediación de la frustración de dichas necesidades no resultó significativa. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de los entrenadores/as en el desarrollo psicosocial del equipo, y apoyan la necesidad de formarles en el uso de estilos de liderazgo transformacional, que incidan sobre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas para promover la identidad social de los y las deportistas. (AU)

The aim of this study was to explore the association between coaches’ transformationalleadership style and athletes’ social identity, exploring the mediating role of satisfaction/frustration of athletes’ basic psychological needs. Participants were 524 basketball players (325 boys, 180 girls) aged between 11 and 17 years (Mage= 13.85; SD= 1.56) belonging to different clubs in the province of Valencia (Spain). The results showed significant associations between all the study variables. Furthermore, results confirmed the mediating role of the satisfaction of basic psychological needs between the transformational leadership of the coach and the social identity of the athletes, whereas the mediating role of the frustration of the basic psychological needs was not significant. The results highlight the importance of coaches in the psychosocial development of the team, and support the need to prepare them in the use of transformational leadership styles, which affect satisfaction of basic psychological needs to promote the social identity of the athletes. (AU)

O objectivo do estudo era explorar a associação entre o estilo de liderança transformacional dos treinadores e a identidade social dos atletas, explorando o papel mediador da satisfação/frustraçãodas necessidades psicológicas básicas dos atletas. Um total de 524 jogadores de basquetebol (325 rapazes, 180 raparigas) com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 17 anos (Midade= 13.85; TD= 1.56) de diferentes clubes da província de Valência (Espanha) participou. Os resultados mostraram associações significativas entre todas as variáveis do estudo. Do mesmo modo, foi confirmado o papel mediador da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas entre a liderança transformacional do treinador e a identidade social dos atletas. A mediação da frustração destas necessidades não foi significativa. Os resultados salientam a importância dos treinadores no desenvolvimento psicossocial da equipa, e apoiam a necessidade de os treinar na utilização de estilos de liderança transformacional, que influenciam a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas para promover a identidade social dos atletas. (AU)

Grit y motivación como predictores de las etapas de cambio hacia el control de peso en una población adulta / Grit and motivation as predictors of stages of change towards weight control in an adult population

Ante el aumento del porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad a nivel mundial, el control de peso es una conducta primordial de promoción de salud. La presente investigación integra el modelo de personalidad Grit, la teoría de la autodeterminación y el modelo transteórico del cambio para tratar de comprender la conducta del control de peso: El objetivo del trabajo consistió en evaluar la personalidad Grit y la motivación como antecedentes psicológicos de las etapas de cambio para el control de peso. Participaron 1351 adultos de México entre 18 y 65 años, quienes cumplimentaron un paquete de cuestionarios con las variables de interés. Los resultados mostraron que la personalidad Grit se relacionó positiva y significativamente con las etapas de mantenimiento, acción, preparación y contemplación y de manera negativa y significativa con la etapa de precontemplación, a través de los tipos de motivación (autónoma, controlada y no motivación), sugiriendo que la personalidad Grit y la motivación son atributos importantes a tener en cuenta en el cambio hacia el control de peso. Este estudio provee de herramientas para la comprensión de la adherencia del control de peso a los profesionales implicados en la consulta nutricional y así promover un mejor abordaje interdisciplinar del sobrepeso y la obesidad.(AU)

Given the increasing percentage of overweight and obesity worldwide, weight control is a primary health-promoting behaviour. Inte-grating Grit personality, self-determination theory, and the transtheoretical model of change, this study evaluates Grit personality and motivation as psychological antecedents of the stages of change towards weight control. A total of 1351 Mexican adults between 18 and 65 years of age completed a packet of questionnaires on the variables of interest. The results showed that Grit personality was positively and significantly related to the mainte-nance, action, preparation, and contemplation stages, and negatively and significantly related to the precontemplation stage, through the types of motivation (autonomous, controlled, and amotivation),suggesting that Grit personality and motivation are important attributes to take into ac-count in the change towards weight control. This study provides tools to help professionals involved in nutritional consultation to understand weight control adherence, thus promoting a better interdisciplinary ap-proach to overweight and obesity.(AU)

Physical Activity, Healthy Behavior and Its Motivational Correlates: Exploring the Spillover Effect through Stages of Change.

On the basis of the spillover or transfer effect and the transtheoretical model of change, this study assessed the association between amount of physical activity, healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors, and motivational types, as well as their variability across stages of change. A total of 1219 randomly selected Mexican adults from 18 to 65 years old, representative of the city of Monterrey (México), participated in the study. Correlation analyses, differences by gender, and multivariate analyses of variance, controlling for age, were performed. We found that in the maintenance stage, there is higher frequency of physical activity more healthy weight control behaviors, as well as higher autonomous motivation. In the contemplation stage, there is less physical activity, a higher frequency of unhealthy weight control behaviors, higher controlled motivation, and amotivation. Relationships were found between the healthy behaviors studied and the interaction dynamics observed across the stages of change, highlighting the key role of the contemplation and maintenance stages in weight control change. Physical activity as a targeted intervention objective could be a gateway to healthier weight control behavior, as well as higher autonomous motivation.

Understanding the antecedents of healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours: Grit, motivation and self-control.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the psychological antecedents or personal factors that lead to weight control behaviours that can help to develop more effective prevention strategies. DESIGN: The present correlational study has a non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional design. A model was tested considering types of motivation (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation) as mediators in the relationship between the Grit personality and healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours, with self-control as a moderator in the aforementioned indirect effects. SETTING: Monterrey (Nuevo León, México). PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 1219 adults (men = 599; women = 620) aged 18-65 years (M = 29·37, sd = 11·83). RESULTS: Findings supported the mediator role of the types of motivation. Specifically, Grit showed a positive indirect effect on healthy weight control behaviours through autonomous motivation. Conversely, Grit showed a negative indirect effect on unhealthy weight control behaviours through autonomous motivation. Furthermore, findings supported the moderator role of self-control in the relationship between amotivation and healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the key role of Grit in the adoption of healthy or unhealthy control behaviours, as well as the role of autonomous motivation in the development of healthy behaviours.

Propolis and Its Gastroprotective Effects on NSAID-Induced Gastric Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review.

Gastric ulcer disease induced by the consumption of NSAIDs is a major public health problem. The therapy used for its treatment causes adverse effects in the patient. Propolis is a natural product that has been used for the treatments of different diseases around the world. Nevertheless, there is little information about the activity of propolis in gastric ulcers caused by treatment with NSAIDs. Therefore, this review evaluates and compares the gastroprotective potential of propolis and its function against NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, for which a systematic search was carried out in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. The main criteria were articles that report the gastroprotective activity of propolis against the damage produced by NSAIDs in the gastric mucosa. Gastroprotection was related to the antioxidant, antisecretory, and cytoprotective effects, as well as the phenolic compounds present in the chemical composition of propolis. However, most of the studies used different doses of NSAIDs and propolis and evaluated different parameters. Propolis has proven to be a good alternative for the treatment of gastric ulcer disease. However, future studies should be carried out to identify the compounds responsible for these effects and to determine their potential use in people.

Examining Controlling Styles of Significant Others and Their Implications for Motivation, Boredom and Burnout in Young Swimmers.

The aim of the study was to examine the controlling style in two contexts of social influence: the team (i.e., coach and teammates) and the family (i.e., father and mother), as well as the mediational role of motivation (autonomous, controlled, and amotivation) and its relationship with boredom and burnout in young swimmers. To this end, 267 swimmers (140 girls and 127 boys) between 12 and 18 years of age (M = 14.26; SD = 1.61) were assessed. The results showed that in the team context, coaches' controlling style directly promoted controlled motivation and boredom in their swimmers, and indirectly influenced burnout through the mediating role of swimmers' controlled motivation. Teammates' controlling style was directly associated with controlled motivation, amotivation, and burnout, and indirectly associated with boredom and burnout through the mediating role of amotivation. Regarding the family context, the father's controlling style showed direct associations with controlled motivation and burnout, and indirect associations with boredom through the mediating role of swimmers' controlled motivation. Finally, the associations of the mother's controlling style with all the variables studied were neutralized by the father's controlling interpersonal style. This study emphasizes the differentiating role of significant others when displaying controlling styles, and it confirms that the controlling style has a significant relationship with maladaptive sport practice experiences.

Transformational Teaching in Physical Education and Students' Leisure-Time Physical Activity: The Mediating Role of Learning Climate, Passion and Self-Determined Motivation.

In the context of education, this study examined the relationship between perceiving a transformational physical education (PE) teacher and student's leisure-time physical activity (PA). Furthermore, we tested the potential mediation role of motivational learning climate, passion and self-determined motivation in this relationship. The sample was composed of 2210 high-school PE students (1145 males, 1065 females) between 16 and 20 years of age. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that the perceived transformational PE teacher-PA outcomes relationship was stronger when students perceived a task-involving climate, when they were harmoniously passionate, and when they were self-determined. We conclude that students' health-enhancing behaviours could be improved if their PE teachers use transformational teaching style and created a task-oriented learning climate.

Coaches' Corrective Feedback, Psychological Needs, and Subjective Vitality in Mexican Soccer Players.

In the sport context, an essential aspect of an athlete's development and performance happens during the interaction with the coach while receiving information on the aspects of performance that need to be modified (corrective feedback). Grounded in the Self-Determination Theory and particularly on the basic psychological needs theory, a structural equation model (SEM) was tested with the following sequence: perception of the amount of corrective feedback generated by the coach, perceived legitimacy of corrective feedback, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and vitality in soccer players. Additionally, simple mediation and serial (double) mediation models were also tested. Participants were 377 Mexican soccer players (Maged = 16.46, SD = 1.08), who completed the instruments that evaluated the study variables. SEM results reported positive and significant variables' interrelations in the sequence. The analysis of serial mediation model showed that the perceived legitimacy of feedback and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs fully mediated the relationship between the perception of the amount of corrective feedback generated by the coach and the perception of the subjective vitality of Mexican soccer players. Results suggest that coaches have to ensure that athletes accept the corrective feedback provided and meet their basic psychological needs. Based on SDT tenets, this research highlights the importance for coaches to be aware of the athlete's perceptions when they are providing corrective feedback and their implications for athlete's technical development and well-being. It is suggested to incorporate those aspects to training programs for coaches.

Transformational Leadership, Task-Involving Climate, and Their Implications in Male Junior Soccer Players: A Multilevel Approach.

Despite the well-known positive consequences of transformational coaches in sport, there is still little research exploring the mechanisms through which coaches' transformational leadership exerts its impact on athletes. Multilevel SEM was used to examine the relationship between coaches' transformational leadership style, a task-involving climate, and leadership effectiveness outcome criteria (i.e., players' extra effort, coach effectiveness, and satisfaction with their coach), separately estimating between and within effects. A representative sample of 625 Spanish male soccer players ranging from 16 to 18 years old and nested in 50 teams completed a questionnaire package tapping the variables of interest. Results confirmed that at the team level, team perceptions of transformational leadership positively predicted teams' perceptions of task climate, which in turn positively predicted the three outcome criteria. At the individual level, players' perceptions of transformational leadership positively predicted teams' perceptions of task climate, which in turn positively predicted teams' extra effort and coach effectiveness. Mediation effects appeared at the team level for all the outcome criteria, and at the individual only for extra effort. Transformational leadership is recommended to enhance task climate, in order to increase players' extra effort, their perceptions of the effectiveness of their coach, and their satisfaction with his/her leadership style.

Transformational parenting style, autonomy support, and their implications for adolescent athletes' burnout / El estilo parental transformacional, el apoyo a la autonomía y sus implicaciones en el burnout de deportistas adolescentes

The aim of this research was to examine the relationships between transformational parenting, autonomy support displayed by mothers and fathers, and sport burnout in 360 junior soccer players (324 males, range age = 12-18 years). To this end, four steps were followed. Steps 1 and 2 tested the psychometric properties (i.e., factorial structure, internal consistency, and evidence of discriminant validity) of the Spanish version of the Transformational Parenting Questionnaire (TPQ), and steps 3 and 4 examined the proposed relationships. Overall, the Spanish TPQ demonstrated adequate factorial validity and satisfactory internal consistency, representing a valid and reliable adaptation of the instrument. The results also suggested a positive association between transformational parenting and autonomy support by both parents, and a negative association between transformational parenting and sport burnout, mediated by autonomy support by mothers but not by fathers. Additionally, players who perceived their families as employing highly transformational parenting displayed lower levels of sport burnout than players who perceived their families as displaying low levels of transformational parenting behaviours. Findings support the positive consequences of displaying transformational parenting and autonomy-supportive environments in preventing young soccer players' burnout

El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar las relaciones entre el estilo y el burnout deportivo de 360 jugadores de fútbol juvenil (324 hombres, rango de edad = 12-18 años). Para ello, se siguieron cuatro pasos. Los pasos 1 y 2 pusieron a prueba las propiedades psicométricas (i.e., estructura factorial, consistencia interna y evidencia de validez discriminante) de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Estilo Parental Transformacional [TPQ, según sus siglas en inglés] y a través de los pasos 3 y 4 se examinaron las relaciones propuestas. En general, la versión española del TPQ español demostró una validez factorial adecuada y una consistencia interna satisfactoria, lo que representa una adaptación válida y fiable del instrumento. Los resultados también sugirieron una asociación positiva entre el estilo parental transformacional y el apoyo a la autonomía de ambos padres y una asociación negativa entre el estilo parental transformacional y el burnout deportivo, mediado por el apoyo a la autonomía de las madres, pero no de los padres. Además, los jugadores que percibían que tenían una familia con un estilo parental muy transformacional mostraron niveles más bajos de burnout deportivo que los jugadores que percibían que tenían una familia con un estilo transformacional bajo. Los resultados apoyan las consecuencias positivas que derivan de un entorno de apoyo a la autonomía y un estilo parental transformacional para prevenir el burnout en jugadores de fútbol jóvenes

Valores personales en el baloncesto de formación y su relación con el bienestar y la intención futura de práctica a través de la motivación / Personal values in youth basketball and its relationship with well-being and future intention to practice through motivation / Valores pessoais no treino de basquetebol e a sua relação com o bem-estar e a intenção futura de praticar através da motivação

Tomando como marco teórico la teoría de los valores humanos (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz et al., 2012), y la teoría de la autodeterminación (Deci y Ryan, 1985, 2000), el objetivo del estudio consistió en poner a prueba un modelo, en una muestra de 115 jugadores jóvenes de baloncesto (Medad = 13.98, DT = 0.13), en el que se hipotetizó que los diferentes tipos de motivación (motivación autónoma, controlada y no motivación) actuarían como mediadores de la relación entre los valores de los jugadores (auto-trascendencia, conservación, auto-promoción y apertura al cambio) y los indicadores de bienestar (vitalidad subjetiva y afectos positivos), así como de la intención futura de seguir practicando baloncesto. Los resultados confirmaron el efecto indirecto de los valores de autopromoción sobre la percepción de vitalidad de los jugadores, sus afectos positivos y su intención de seguir jugando en el futuro, a través de la motivación autónoma. Sin embargo, los otros tipos de motivación (motivación controlada y no motivación) no mediaron la relación entre el resto de valores y los indicadores de bienestar, ni con la intención futura de práctica deportiva. Estos resultados indican que para favorecer una mayor experiencia de bienestar en el baloncesto habría que evitar poner énfasis en valores centrados en lo individual, en el logro personal y en el dominio sobre los demás (auto-promoción), ya que la vitalidad subjetiva, los afectos positivos y la intención de seguir jugando se van a ver reducidos, a través de una menor motivación autónoma

Within the framework of the theory of human values (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz et al, 2012), and the self - determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 2000), the aim of the study was to test a model, in a sample of 115 young basketball players ( M age = 13.98, SD = 0.13), which hypothesized that different types of motivation (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and non - motivation) would act as mediators in the relationship between the players' values (self - transcendence, conservation, self - enhancement and openness to change) and two indicators of well - being (subjective vitality and positive affects), as well as of the future intention to continue practicing basketball. The results supported the indirect effect of self - promotion values on the players' perception of subjective vitality, their positive affects and their intention to continue playing in th e future, through autonomous motivation. However, the other types of motivation (controlled motivation and amotivation) did not mediate the relationship between the other three values and the indicators of well - being, nor with the future intention of sport practice. These results indicate that to generate a greater experience of well - being in basketball it should be avoided placing emphasis on values centred on the individual, on personal achievement and on mastery over others (self - promotion), since subjec tive vitality, positive affects and the intention to continue playing could be reduced, through the decrease of autonomous motivation

Baseado na teoria dos valores humanos (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz et al, 2012) e na teoria da autodeterminação (Deci e Ryan, 1985, 2000), o objetivo do estudo foi testar um modelo de relação em 115 jovens jogadores de basquetebol ( M idade = 13.98, DT = 0.13), em que se hipotetizou que os diferentes tipos de motivação (motivação autónoma, motivação controlada e não motivação) actuariam como mediadores da relação entre os valores dos jogadores (autotranscendência, conservação, autopromoção e abertura à mudança) e os indicadores de bem - estar (vitalidade subjectiva e afecções positivas), bem como da intenção futura de continuar a praticar basquetebol. Os resultados confirmaram o efeito indirecto dos valores de autopromoção na percepção de vitalidade dos jogadores, nos seus afectos positivos e na sua intenção de continuar a jogar no futuro, através de uma motivação autónoma. No entanto, os outros tipos de motivação (motivação controlada e não motivação) não mediaram a relação entre o resto dos valores e os indicadore s de bem - estar, nem com a intenção futura da prática desportiva. Estes resultados indicam que, para favorecer uma maior experiência de bem - estar no basquetebol, seria necessário evitar colocar ênfase nos valores centrados no indivíduo, na realização pessoa l e no domínio dos outros (autopromoção), uma vez que a vitalidade subjectiva, os afectos positivos e a intenção de continuar jogando poderiam ser reduzidos, através de uma motivação menos autónoma

Personal and Sport Values, Goal Orientations, and Moral Attitudes in Youth Basketball / Valores Personales y Deportivos, Orientaciones de Meta y Actitudes Morales en el Baloncesto de Formación / Valores pessoais e desportivos, orientacoes de objectivos e atitudes morais no treino do basquetebol

In this study with 746 basketball players (Mage = 14.63, SD = 1.4), we examined the relationship between the personal values that guide their lives and their moral attitudes when they play basketball, and we explored how this relationship is mediated by both personal values towards sports practice and goal orientations. In addition, we analyzed the modulating role of perceived competence in the relationship between goal orientations and the moral attitudes of participants. The results confirm the relevance of personal values in the sport domain, and they point to the importance of instilling human values of self-transcendence (transcending the self in favor of the group), transmitting competence and moral values, and promoting task orientation in the athlete, in order to foster prosocial attitudes and diminish unsportsmanlike attitudes during the practice of basketball

En este estudio se examinó en 746 jugadores de baloncesto (Medad = 14.63, DT = 1.4), la relación entre los valores personales que guían su vida y sus actitudes morales cuando practican baloncesto, explorando cómo media en dicha relación los valores personales hacia la práctica deportiva y las orientaciones de meta. Asimismo, se analiza el papel modulador que tiene la competencia percibida en la relación entre las orientaciones de meta y las actitudes morales de los participantes. Los resultados confirman la relevancia de los valores personales en el ámbito del deporte y apuntan hacia la importancia de inculcar valores humanos de auto-trascendencia (transcender lo personal a favor del colectivo), transmitir valores de competencia y morales, y promover una orientación hacia la tarea en el deportista, si queremos fomentar las actitudes prosociales y disminuir las actitudes antisociales durante la práctica del baloncesto

Neste estudo, 746 jogadores de basquete (Midade = 14,63, DT = 1,4) foram examinados quanto a relacao entre os valores pessoais que norteiam suas vidas e suas atitudes morais na pratica do basquetebol, explorando como essa relacao medeia os valores pessoais em relacao a pratica esportiva e as orientacoes de metas. analisa tambem o papel modulador da competicao percebida na relacao entre as orientacoes de objetivos e as atitudes morais dos participantes. Os resultados confirmam a relevancia dos valores pessoais no campo do esporte e apontam para a importancia de incutir valores humanos de autotranscendencia (transcendendo o pessoal em favor do coletivo), transmitindo valores de competencia e moral, e promovendo uma orientacao para a tarefa no atleta, se quisermos fomentar atitudes pro-sociais e diminuir atitudes antissociais durante a pratica do basquete

Motivational Regulations Across the Stages of Change for Exercise in the General Population of Monterrey (Mexico).

Few studies have examined exercise adherence in the Mexican population using self-determination theory proposals and the stages of change model. The objectives of this study were:(a) to translate and adapt the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-3 (BREQ-3) to Mexican Spanish and examine its internal consistency and factorial structure (six dimensions); and (b) to analyse variations in behavioral regulations using the stages of change model. This study included 530 participants between 11 and 76 years old who lived in the metropolitan area of the city of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The Mexican version of the BREQ-3 presented an acceptable six-factor model that agrees with the theory and has good internal consistency. Results showed that the less self-determined regulations (i.e., external and amotivation) predominated in the first stages of change (i.e., pre-contemplation and contemplation) and decreased in the last stages (i.e., action and maintenance); by contrast, the more self-determined regulations (i.e., intrinsic, integrated, and identified) predominated in the last stages (i.e., action and maintenance) and were lower in the first stages (i.e., pre-contemplation and contemplation). Linking these two theoretical constructs contributes to understanding physical exercise adherence.

Relationships Between Personal Values and Leadership Behaviors in Basketball Coaches.

Background: Based on the refined theory of basic individual values and transformational leadership theory, this study focuses on the associations between coaches' value priorities and their transformational leadership behaviors, exploring the potential mediation versus moderation effect of two alternative variables in this relationship: perceived club pressure or an autonomy supportive environment. Methods: Participants were 266 basketball coaches (85.7% men) from 17 to 66 years old (M = 32.82, SD = 9.2) from 119 different Spanish clubs. On average, they had worked for their current sport clubs for 5.02 years, and they had a mean of 11.10 years of experience. The coaches were all Spanish speakers, and they trained players at different levels of competition. Results: The stronger the importance of the coaches' self-transcendent values (i.e., universalism and benevolence), the more they displayed transformational behaviors (i.e., individual consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and fostering acceptance of group goals) toward the basketball players and perceived a more autonomy supportive environment and lower pressure from the club. Coaches who held conservation values (i.e., humility and face) displayed inspirational motivation behaviors. When coaches held openness to change values (i.e., stimulation and self-direction thought), they tended to display inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation. Finally, coaches who held beliefs in self-enhancement values (i.e., power) displayed lower transformational behaviors (intellectual stimulation and fostering acceptance of group goals) toward their basketball players, and they perceived higher pressure from the club and a less autonomy supportive environment. Moreover, the club's autonomy supportive environment played a mediator role between self-transcendence values and some transformational behaviors; however, moderator effects were not significant, with the exception of coaches with self-enhancement values, who tended to avoid intellectual stimulation to a larger extent when they perceived high levels of pressure at the club. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of identifying the value base on which to develop transformational leadership programs in order to enhance positive experiences in the sport domain.